Free backup programs are exactly what you think: free apps that can manually or automatically make copies of the important data on your hard drive and store it somewhere safe, like a flash drive or disk. Some have offsite backup options for storing data on another computer.
The best free backup for ANY operating system
Every program on this list offers a free version. While some also offer optional paid features, these are not required to use the core functionality.
EaseUS Todo Backup can back up individual files and/or entire folders to and from a location on a local drive or network folder, and store backups on a cloud storage service (they even offer free online storage on their own servers, if you need it). In addition to specific, customized content, the program can also back up an entire disk, partition, or system drive.
While you schedule a backup, or after a backup completes, you can perform an incremental, differential, or full backup of the same data.