This article explains how to make a map in Minecraft and how to extend it with a cartography table. The instructions are valid for Minecraft for all platforms.

Here's how to make a map in Minecraft from scratch:

Make a crafting table. Use 4 wooden planks of any type (oak planks, crimson wooden planks, etc.).

Mine 9 Sugar Cane. Look for stalks near water in swamp or desert biomes and use any tool to cut them down.