Glyph puzzles pop up a few times throughout The Final Shape's campaign, and like the mote puzzle, they're not explained very clearly. But don't worry, we'll cover the basics so you can tackle all the puzzles you'll encounter on your journey.
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Glyph puzzles are fun and simple, but they can have some variations and be partially random. Unfortunately, there is no single solution for all Glyph puzzles.
Whenever you see a door blocked by a glyph, there will be one of those weird barrier generators nearby (which you've seen enough of by this point). Shooting one will grant you the "Glyphtouched" buff, and this is what allows you to see glyphs. Glyphs will drop from certain enemies, for example in one mission they spawned from those big ol' Fallen Shanks, as seen below.
When killing one of these carrier enemies, the Glyph will appear as a floating icon above the spot where they died. So far, there appear to be four possible Glyphs. These are: